|
 
 |
| REVIEW ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2016 | Volume
: 2
| Issue : 2 | Page : 65-72 |
|
Novel insight on probiotic Bacillus subtilis: Mechanism of action and clinical applications
Manoj A Suva, Varun P Sureja, Dharmesh B Kheni
Department of Pharmacology, K. B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| Date of Submission | 22-Oct-2016 |
| Date of Acceptance | 18-Nov-2016 |
| Date of Web Publication | 13-Jan-2017 |
Correspondence Address:
Manoj A Suva
Department of Pharmacology, K. B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya University, Gandhinagar - 382 024, Gujarat
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/2455-3069.198381
Probiotics are the living microorganisms that provide health benefits to the recipient. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera have been used since long for the competitive exclusion of pathogens from the gut. However, their limitations such as sensitivity to gastric acid, temperature, slow growth, and specific stability conditions lead to search for a novel probiotic that is stable through its shelf-life as well as during gastrointestinal transit; hence, offering better efficacy. Bacillus bacteria have strong scientific data which substantiates the validity of the use as preferred probiotics. In recent times, there has been significant progress in scientific evaluation and studies on probiotic Bacillus subtilis, revealing possible mechanisms of action like antimicrobial effect by synthesis of antimicrobial substances, antidiarrheal effect, immunostimulatory effect, competitive exclusion of pathogens, prevention of intestinal inflammation, and normalization of intestinal flora. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies on B. subtilis have shown its promising efficacy in the treatment and prevention of diarrhea of various etiologies. B. subtilis is certified as generally recognized as safe by Food and Drug Administration and features in the European Food Safety Authority Qualified Presumption of Safety, hence suggesting as safe for human use. All of these beneficial attributes make B. subtilis the most attractive probiotic species for various clinical conditions. Keywords: Antidiarrheal effect, antimicrobial substances, Bacillus subtilis, immunomodulation
How to cite this article:
Suva MA, Sureja VP, Kheni DB. Novel insight on probiotic Bacillus subtilis: Mechanism of action and clinical applications. J Curr Res Sci Med 2016;2:65-72 |
How to cite this URL:
Suva MA, Sureja VP, Kheni DB. Novel insight on probiotic Bacillus subtilis: Mechanism of action and clinical applications. J Curr Res Sci Med [serial online] 2016 [cited 2023 May 31];2:65-72. Available from: https://www.jcrsmed.org/text.asp?2016/2/2/65/198381 |
| Introduction | |  |
The term “probiotics” was derived from the Greek word, meaning “for life.”[1] According to the WHO/FAO, probiotics are: “Live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.”[2] Various factors such as environmental, nutritional and/or metabolic changes favor pathogen proliferation and that disturb equilibrium between beneficial and pathogenic flora leading to disease conditions. Synthetic antibiotics were the first option to control pathogenic overgrowth; however, the unregulated use of these compounds induced multi-drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria. Hence, antibiotic utilization needs to be well regulated. In this sense, the utilization of beneficial bacteria (probiotics) has emerged as an alternative based on the beneficial good results obtained with it.[3]Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera have been used almost exclusively for the competitive exclusion of pathogens from the gut of humans and animals. However, there are some major challenges related to manufacturing probiotic formulations containing lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria spp., as below:
- These microorganisms are microaerophilic or strict anaerobic, therefore, their handling and production is complex and could be a challenge
- Both microorganisms are slow growers
- Sensitive to temperature hence product must be maintained at low temperatures and shelf-life in general is short
- Many of lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are sensitive to gastric juice during gastrointestinal (GI) tract transit.[4]
Bacillus bacteria are highly diverse group of microorganisms, known for more than 100 years. There are strong scientific data which substantiates the validity of the use of Bacillus bacteria as probiotics.[5] Only a few of the 100 species contained in the Bacillus genus are used as probiotics in humans such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus cereus  . toyoi, Bacillus natto (subtilis), Bacillus clausii, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus cereus.[6] In recent decades, scientific studies on probiotic B. subtilis have made significant progress to elucidate the activity spectrum which makes this bacterium the most attractive probiotic for clinical use. In this review, we have present data from experimental and clinical research that may allow making an impression of the therapeutic potential of B. subtilis.
| Bacillus Subtilis Bacteria in Nature | | |
Bacillus constitutes a diverse group of rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria, characterized by their robust spore-forming ability.[3]Bacillus genus bacteria are most widespread microorganisms in nature. Bacillus species are predominant in soil and also have been isolated from water, air, and food products like wheat, grain, wholemeal, soya beans, and milk microflora. Bacilli consistently enter the GI and respiratory tracts of healthy people with food, water, and air. Isolation of B. subtilis from the human GI tract was reported for healthy adults and children. The number of bacilli in the gut can reach 107 CFU/g, comparable to lactobacilli count. Thus, researchers considered Bacillus to be one of the dominant components of the normal gut microflora.[5] The B. subtilis genome is totally sequenced, leading to the generation of great amount of basic knowledge and also developments of molecular and genetic methodologies.[3]
| Bacterial Spore Formation | | |
Bacterial spores are formed as a means to survive extreme environmental conditions for long-term survival otherwise that conditions kill vegetative bacteria. Sporulation is very much dependent upon the nutrients availability in the immediate vicinity of the live cell. According to Cutting et al. (2009), decrease in nutrients is sensed by the bacterium and it enters an irreversible program of development that results in the production of spores as shown in [Figure 1].[7] Bacterial endospore contains a condensed and inactive chromosome at its core. Surrounding the spore, layer of peptidoglycan-rich cortex and one or more layers of proteinaceous material is present referred as the spore coat. During the lack of nutrient condition, growing vegetative cell (VC) undergoes a series of morphological changes that forms a forespore (F) within the mother cell (MC) of the sporangium and then after some time spore (S) is released by lysis of the MC.[7]
| Bacillus Subtilis Spore Formation and Its Advantages | | |
B. subtilis spores are highly resistant to temperature, extreme pH, gastric acid; bile and solvents, hence keep viability in the gut.[3],[5]B. subtilis can be stored for long time periods without refrigeration.[3]
| Bacillus Subtilis Spore Germination and Proliferation in Gastrointestinal Tract | | |
Immunological data showed that B. subtilis spores germinate in the mouse gut and proliferate and able to grow and resporulate.[8] Casula and Cutting observed germination of B. subtilis spores as VCs in the mouse jejunum and ileum using a competitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction targeting a genetically engineered chimeric gene, ftsH-lacZ, which is only expressed by VCs.[9] Ozawa et al. found that spores of B. subtilis strain BN germinate and multiply to some extent in the GI tract of pigs.[10] Leser et al. showed that B. subtilis germinate and grow in proximal part of the pig GI tract.[11]
| Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Bacillus Subtilis | | |
Possible mechanisms of action include antimicrobial effect by synthesis of antimicrobial substances, antidiarrheal effect, immunostimulatory effect, competitive exclusion of pathogens, prevention of intestinal inflammation, and stimulation of growth of intestinal normal flora.[11]B. subtilis has unique properties such as spore formation, versatility of growth nutrients utilization, high level of enzymes production, fast growth rate, and growth in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.[3]
Synthesis of antimicrobial agents
Bacillus bacteria play a significant role in the gut because of their high metabolic activity. The activity of Bacillus is mainly determined by their ability to produce antibiotics. B. subtilis is the most productive species which devotes 4%–5% of genome to antibiotic synthesis and produce 66 antibiotics. Bacillus antibiotics have different structure and spectrum of antimicrobial activity.[5] The potential of B. subtilis to produce antibiotics has been recognized for 50 years. Antimicrobial agents synthesized and secreted by B. subtilis are listed in [Table 1].[12],[13],[14]B. subtilis synthesized antimicrobial substances have antimicrobial effects against broad spectrum of pathogens. These substances are natural part of human antimicrobial defense system hence the possibility of developing pathogen resistance or unwanted side effects is less. Hence, probiotic B. subtilis is ideal therapeutic option because of their broad spectrum of activity and specific and rapid killing activity against various pathogens.[14]B. subtilis probiotic properties are strain-specific.[3] Pectinolytic enzymes have been isolated from B. subtilis. Bacilli produce amino acids, including essential amino acids and vitamins.[5] | Table 1: Antimicrobial agents synthesized and secreted by Bacillus subtilis
Click here to view |
Immunostimulatory effect
B. subtilis enhances the protection against pathogens by stimulating nonspecific and specific immunity. A number of studies in humans and animal models have provided strong evidence that oral administration of Bacillus spores stimulates the immune system. Spores of B. subtilis trigger specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The interaction between B. subtilis spores and macrophages plays an important role in development of both innate and adaptive immune responses of the host. Numerous studies have demonstrated that B. subtilis leads to macrophage activation. B. subtilis B10, B. subtilis BS02, and B. subtilis (natto) B4 spores may possess immunomodulatory activities by the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and exerts probiotic activities through activated macrophage functions. In addition, B. subtilis showed no apparent cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells and thought to be safe.[15],[16],[17]B. subtilis MBTU PBBM1 spores administration leads to augmentation of antibody response (antibodies IgG and IgA) and also proliferation of the T lymphocytes which indicates B. subtilis MBTU PBBM1 spores have the potential to improve both the humoral and cellular immunity in mice.[18] Commensal bacteria play an important role in the development of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and important for both innate and adaptive immunity. B. subtilis promotes active lymphocyte proliferation within GI tract. B. subtilis administration in appendix of germfree rabbits has been shown to promote GALT development. This evidence showed that Bacillus species are important for development of robust gut-associated lymphoid system (GALT) and promote a potent immune response.[19] The effect of lymphocyte activation by B. subtilis spores was both quantitatively and qualitatively similar to mitogens phytohaemagglutinin and Concanavalin A. B. subtilis spores stimulated cytokine production in vitro and after oral administration in mice.[5] Oral treatment with B. subtilis spores increased expression of activation markers on lymphocytes in dose-dependent manner in healthy volunteers.[20]B. subtilis spores-induced systemic antibody response to tetanus toxoid fragment C and ovalbumin in mice. These data suggest that B. subtilis spores are an efficient mucosal and systemic adjuvant for enhancing humoral immune responses.[21]
Maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and prevention of intestinal inflammation
B. subtilis derived quorum-sensing pentapeptide, competence and sporulation factor (CSF) activate key survival pathways including p38 MAP kinase and protein kinase B (Akt) in intestinal epithelial cells of the host. CSF also induces heat shock proteins, which protect intestinal epithelial cells against injury and loss of barrier function and hence provide the ability to maintain intestinal homeostasis.[22]B. subtilis quorum sensing molecule CSF reduced epithelial injury caused by intestinal inflammation and improved the survival rate of mice with lethal colitis. This indicates that B. subtilis are potentially useful for treating intestinal inflammation. B. subtilis is beneficial for maintaining intestinal homeostasis and host health and can be utilized to treat antibiotics-induced colitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) and necrotizing enterocolitis.[23]Bacillus species (B. subtilis, Bacillus firmus, Bacillus megaterium, and B. pumilus) have been shown to convert genotoxic compounds to unreactive products in vitro.[24] Orally administered B. subtilis spores were effective in decreasing infection and enteropathy in suckling mice infected with Citrobacter rodentium (a model for the traveler's diarrhea pathogen enterotoxigenic Escherichia More Details coli) which is known to cause epithelial lesions, crypt hyperplasia, and mortality.[7],[25] Intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction associated with IBD. Mucosal biopsies taken from IBD patients showed loss of key epithelial tight junction (TJ) proteins such as claudin-1, occludin, junctional adhesion molecule (JAM)-A, and zona occludens (ZO)-1. Effects of B. subtilis on epithelial TJs and intrinsic regulatory mechanisms of the intestine were studied in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in Balb/c mice. B. subtilis significantly reduced disease activity index scores and graded histologic damage. B. subtilis improved barrier function by upregulating expression of epithelial TJs proteins (claudin-1, occludin, JAM-A, and ZO-1) and reduced intestinal epithelial damage by downregulating cytokine expression (interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-17, IL-23, and tumor necrosis factor-α).[26]
Maintenance of intestinal normal flora
B. subtilis positive effect on the maintenance of the normal intestinal flora has been demonstrated in many studies. B. subtilis 3 strain showed efficacy against pathogenic cultures ofE. coli and Campylobacter species during treatment of experimental infections in mice and maintained normal microflora in the animals during receipt of antibiotic therapy.In vitro studies of B. subtilis, 3 showed a wide spectrum of antagonistic activity toward the tested pathogens and did not inhibit normal microflora.[27]B. subtilis MA139 significantly increased the number of Lactobacillus and reduced the content ofE. coli in the intestines and feces in pigs.[28]B. subtilis KN-42 significantly increased lactobacilli counts and reducedE. coli counts and improved the growth performance and GI health of piglets.[29]B. subtilis KD1 improved intestinal flora by significantly increasing lactobacilli counts and reducingE. coli counts and improve the growth performance in broilers.[30]B. subtilis var. natto in mice influenced the fecal microflora, specifically Bacteroides and Lactobacillus species. Mice fed with an egg white diet showed decrease in numbers of Lactobacillus spp., while B. subtilis var. natto spores supplemented diet stabilized it. Using a casein diet, the numbers of Bacteroidaceae increased. This result indicated that B. subtilis var. natto could be beneficial in maintaining the natural microflora.[24] Therefore, an increase in Lactobacillus counts and decrease inE. coli counts may result in a lower diarrhea incidences.[29] Salmonella More Details is a major foodborne pathogen which can cause severe illness in humans such as enteric fever, bacteremia, focal infection, and enterocolitis. B. subtilis NC11 exhibits strong inhibition activity against Salmonella enteritidis infection to intestinal epithelial cells.[31]B. subtilis CU1 effects on intestinal mucosal immune system, and microbial balance were evaluated in antibiotic-induced dysbiosis mouse model. B. subtilis CU1 spores (3 × 109 spores/day/mouse) administered before and during the antibiotic treatments. Treatment with the B. subtilis CU1 strain decreases the antibiotic-induced intestinal inflammation. B. subtilis CU1 shown to normalize the B220+MHCII+B-cells in mesenteric lymphoid node and F4/80+ macrophages in Peyer's patches in the antibiotic group. B. subtilis CU1 treatment reduced antibiotic-induced alterations in the gut microbiota. This result suggests that B. subtilis CU1 may contribute to the reduction of antibiotic-induced inflammation through normalization of mucosal immune responses and intestinal microbiota.[32] Taking into account beneficial properties of B. subtilis, this bacterium is a potential probiotic candidate to be considered for various clinical conditions.
| Clinical Trials of Bacillus Subtilis | | |
B. subtilis therapy was highly effective in treatment of various infectious pathologies in patients.[33] Clinical efficacy of B. subtilis was summarized as an antidiarrheal agent, used in different counties. B. subtilis is one of the most important microorganisms for the treatment and prophylaxis of intestinal disorders in humans.[34]B. subtilis was more effective in treatment of acute diarrhea than lactobacilli.[5]
Regularity of bowel movements
Labellarte et al., carried out randomly assigned, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of B. subtilis (approximately 1.9 × 109 CFU/capsule) in 40 healthy male and female adults for an average of 20 days. The study showed that daily consumption of B. subtilis was effective in promoting regularity of bowel movements and well tolerated.[35]
Survival in the gastrointestinal tract
Hanifi et al., carried out randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of B. subtilis R0179 in 81 healthy adults (18–50 years old). Subjects received B. subtilis R0179 at dose of 0.1, 1 or 10 × 109 CFU/capsule/day or placebo for 4 weeks. Fecal viable counts of B. subtilis R0179 showed a dose-dependent GI survival response and fecal viable counts were 0.1 × 109 (4.6 ± 0.1 log10 CFU/g), 1 × 109 (5.6 ± 0.1 log10 CFU/g) and 10 × 109 (6.4 ± 0.1 log10 CFU/g) respectively (P < 0.0001). B. subtilis R0179 survives passage through the human GI tract and is safe and well tolerated in healthy adults at intake from 0.1 to 10 × 109 CFU/day.[36]
Diarrhea and antibiotic-associated diarrhea
Clinical efficacy of Bacillus bacteria in the treatment of GI infections has been reported. Mazza (1994) summarized results of numerous studies and concluded that B. subtilis are one of the most important microorganisms for the treatment and prophylaxis of intestinal disorders in humans.[34] In clinical study, B. subtilis and B. licheniformis (2 × 109 microbial cells; Biosporin) were administered to the patients with acute enteric infections. Results showed the pronounced curative effect of Bacillus probiotics manifested by the rapid normalization of stool, abdominal pain relief, and decrease in intestinal dysbiosis. Bacillus probiotics found to be safe and well tolerated.[37]B. subtilis and B. licheniformis (Biosporin) has been also evaluated for effect on intestine microflora in acute digestive disorders and dysbacterioses in 53 newborn children with perinatal pathology. Results showed high therapeutic and prophylactic efficiency for dysbacterioses and diarrheas in the newborn children without side effects.[38] One of the most common side effects of antibiotic therapy is antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD). The frequency of AAD depends on the type of antibiotic used and varies from 25% to as high as 44%. The route of antibiotic administration (oral or parenteral) does not affect the rate of AAD, and no difference has been found in the frequency of AAD with respect to age and gender. The severity of AAD may vary from uncomplicated diarrhea to Clostridium difficile-associated pseudomembranous colitis. The main mechanism for the development of AAD is significant changes in the composition and quantity of the gut microbiota during the treatment with antibiotics. AAD may be caused by different enteric pathogens such as Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Clostridium perfringens, and Klebsiella spp. Bacillus bacteria have attracted the growing attention of researchers as effective probiotics for the treatment and prevention of enteric infections. Research study showed high efficacy of the Bacillus probiotic B. subtilis 3 and B. licheniformis 31 (predominant amount of B. subtilis 3 in 50:1 parts; Biosporin) in the treatment of acute intestinal infections.[39] In clinical trial, B. subtilis spores (4 × 109) administered to 11 children aged 3–24 months for 5 days along with antibiotic and alone antibiotic was given to 8 subjects. Results showed that number of stools increased in alone antibiotic group while in B. subtilis along with antibiotic group no such changes were observed. Bacteriotherapy along with antibiotic also increased saccharolytic flora, aerobic and anaerobic flora.[40] Horosheva et al. carried out a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on outpatients aged ≥45 years who were prescribed ≥1 oral or intravenous antibiotics for at least 5 days. One group of patients (n = 90) received probiotic B. subtilis 3 (2 × 109 CFU/vial), 2 times a day from beginning 1 day before initiation of antibiotic therapy and ending 7 days after discontinuation of antibiotic. Results showed that AAD developed in 25.6% (23/90) patients in placebo group while in significantly lower AAD rate 7.8% (7/90) patients reported in B. subtilis 3 group (P < 0.001). B. subtilis 3 significantly reduced the incidence of nausea, vomiting, bloating, and abdominal pain.[39] There have been 23 clinical trials involving over 1800 patients for probiotic preparation containing a combination of B. subtilis R0179 and other probiotic. It has been used in the improvement of symptoms associated with chronic diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome, as a coadjuvant therapy with sulfasalazine and mesalazine to improve remission times in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis and to improve compliance with conventional triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication.[41]
Stimulation of immune responses
Lefevre et al. (2015) carried out randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arms trial on 100 elderly subjects and allocated to receive B. subtilis CU1 (2 × 109 spores daily) or placebo for short course of 10 days followed by 18 days of treatment break per month and this scheme was repeated for 4 times during the trial (4 months). Biological sample analysis in subset of 44 subjects showed that B. subtilis CU1 significantly increased secretory IgA level in saliva and stools compared to the placebo as shown in [Figure 2] and [Figure 3].[42] SIgA is a key element in the maintenance of gut microbiota homeostasis and in the protection of GI and respiratory tracts against pathogens. B. subtilis CU1 had been shown to increase IgA producing B cells in Peyer's patches in mice (Racedo SM and Urdaci MC, unpublished observations), it can be postulated that B. subtilis CU1 strengthens the generation of α4β7+IgA+B-cells in the Peyer's patches of the small intestine. The homing of IgA producing B cells to the intestinal mucosa and the salivary glands leads to high SIgA levels in saliva and stools. B. subtilis CU1 significantly increased serum interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and stimulated systemic immune response. IFN-γ plays an important role in the host defense against several infectious diseases including viral infection and has a variety of immune functions such as stimulation of macrophages and natural killer cells. A post hoc analysis in subset of 44 subjects showed a decreased frequency of respiratory infections in the B. subtilis CU1 group compared to the placebo group. This result suggests that B. subtilis CU1 may be an effective and safe way to stimulate immune responses.[42]
| Safety of Bacillus Subtilis | | |
According to European Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition, B. subtilis was tested and showed no evidence of toxicity. Acute and chronic toxicity studies in animals also indicated safety of these strains. B. subtilis is generally recognized as safe by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), meaning it is not harmful to humans.[3]B. subtilis species is considered safe by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Qualified Presumption of Safety. Thus, B. subtilis strain may be considered as nonpathogenic and safe for human consumption.[43]B. subtilis could be considered as a perfect multifunctional probiotic bacterium for humans.[3]
Summary
The world market for probiotics supplements has been growing over the last two decades based on their important clinical merits. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are the most used genera, mainly for their ability to exclude pathogens. However, they do not have multifunctional probiotic capacities as B. subtilis. Bacillus bacteria are increasingly attracting attention of researchers as promising probiotics due to their strong antimicrobial, antidiarrheal and immunostimulatory effects, ability to stimulate growth of natural flora and prevent intestinal inflammation; besides having an excellent stability profile in otherwise unfavorable conditions. Moreover, it has established efficacy and safety in numerous randomized, double-blind clinical trials, as validated and approved by authorities like FDA and EFSA. In this sense, B. subtilis has the potential to emerge as the “perfect multifunctional probiotic bacteria” for various clinical conditions in humans.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Reid G, Jass J, Sebulsky MT, McCormick JK. Potential uses of probiotics in clinical practice. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003;16:658-72.  |
| 2. | FAO/WHO. Probiotic in Foods: Health and Nutritional Properties and Guidelines for Evaluation. In FAO Food and Nutrition. Rome, Italy: FAO/WHO; 2005. p. 85. |
| 3. | Olmos J, Paniagua-Michel J. Bacillus subtilis a potential probiotic bacterium to formulate functional feeds for aquaculture. J Microb Biochem Technol 2014;6:7. |
| 4. | Vasquez AP. Bacillus species are superior probiotic feed-additives for poultry. J Bacteriol Mycol Open Access 2016;2:00023. |
| 5. | Sorokulova I. Modern status and perspectives of Bacillus bacteria as probiotics. J Prob Health 2013;1:4. |
| 6. | Urdaci MC, Bressollier P, Pinchuk I. Bacillus clausii probiotic strains: Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. J Clin Gastroenterol 2004;38 6 Suppl: S86-90. |
| 7. | Cutting SM, Van PH, Dong TC. Bacillus probiotics. Nutra foods 2009;8:7-14. |
| 8. | Tam NK, Uyen NQ, Hong HA, Duc le H, Hoa TT, Serra CR, et al . The intestinal life cycle of Bacillus subtilis and close relatives. J Bacteriol 2006;188:2692-700. |
| 9. | Casula G, Cutting SM. Bacillus probiotics: Spore germination in the gastrointestinal tract. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002;68:2344-52. |
| 10. | Ozawa K, Yokota H, Kimura M, Mitsuoka T. Effects of administration of Bacillus subtilis strain BN on intestinal flora of weanling piglets. Nihon Juigaku Zasshi 1981;43:771-5. |
| 11. | Leser TD, Knarreborg A, Worm J. Germination and outgrowth of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis spores in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. J Appl Microbiol 2008;104:1025-33. |
| 12. | Stein T. Bacillus subtilis antibiotics: Structures, syntheses and specific functions. Mol Microbiol 2005;56:845-57. |
| 13. | Baruzzi F, Quintieri L, Morea M, Caputo L. Antimicrobial compounds produced by Bacillus spp. and applications in food. In: Vilas AM, editor. Science against Microbial Pathogens: Communicating Current Research and Technological Advances. Badajoz, Spain: Formatex; 2011. p. 1102-11. |
| 14. | Sumi CD, Yang BW, Yeo IC, Hahm YT. Antimicrobial peptides of the genus Bacillus: A new era for antibiotics. Can J Microbiol 2015;61:93-103. |
| 15. | Huang Q, Xu X, Mao YL, Huang Y, Rajput IR, Li WF. Effects of Bacillus subtilis B10 spores on viability and biological functions of murine macrophages. Anim Sci J 2013;84:247-52. |
| 16. | Huang Q, Li YL, Xu X, Huang Y, Cui ZW, Yu DY, et al. Modulatory effects of Bacillus subtilis BS02 on viability and immune responses of RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. J Anim Vet Adv 2012;11:1934-8. |
| 17. | Xu X, Huang Q, Mao Y, Cui Z, Li Y, Huang Y, et al . Immunomodulatory effects of Bacillus subtilis ( natto) B4 spores on murine macrophages. Microbiol Immunol 2012;56:817-24. |
| 18. | Sebastian AP, Keerthi TR. Immunomodulatory effect of probiotic strain Bacillus subtilis MBTU PBBMI spores in Balb/C Mice. Int J Eng Tech Res 2014;2:258-60. |
| 19. | Huang JM, La Ragione RM, Nunez A, Cutting SM. Immunostimulatory activity of Bacillus spores. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2008;53:195-203. |
| 20. | Caruso A, Flamminio G, Folghera S, Peroni L, Foresti I, Balsari A, et al . Expression of activation markers on peripheral-blood lymphocytes following oral administration of Bacillus subtilis spores. Int J Immunopharmacol 1993;15:87-92. |
| 21. | Barnes AG, Cerovic V, Hobson PS, Klavinskis LS. Bacillus subtilis spores: A novel microparticle adjuvant which can instruct a balanced Th1 and Th2 immune response to specific antigen. Eur J Immunol 2007;37:1538-47. |
| 22. | Fujiya M, Musch MW, Nakagawa Y, Hu S, Alverdy J, Kohgo Y, et al . The Bacillus subtilis quorum-sensing molecule CSF contributes to intestinal homeostasis via OCTN2, a host cell membrane transporter. Cell Host Microbe 2007;1:299-308. |
| 23. | Okamoto K, Fujiya M, Nata T, Ueno N, Inaba Y, Ishikawa C, et al . Competence and sporulation factor derived from Bacillus subtilis improves epithelial cell injury in intestinal inflammation via immunomodulation and cytoprotection. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012;27:1039-46. |
| 24. | Hong HA, Duc Le H, Cutting SM. The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2005;29:813-35. |
| 25. | D'Arienzo R, Maurano F, Mazzarella G, Luongo D, Stefanile R, Ricca E, et al . Bacillus subtilis spores reduce susceptibility to Citrobacter rodentium-mediated enteropathy in a mouse model. Res Microbiol 2006;157:891-7. |
| 26. | Gong Y, Li H, Li Y. Effects of Bacillus subtilis on epithelial tight junctions of mice with inflammatory bowel disease. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016;36:75-85. |
| 27. | Sorokulova I. Preclinical testing in the development of probiotics: A regulatory perspective with Bacillus strains as an example. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46 Suppl 2:S92-5. |
| 28. | Guo X, Li D, Lu W, Piao X, Chen X. Screening of Bacillus strains as potential probiotics and subsequent confirmation of the in vivo effectiveness of Bacillus subtilis MA139 in pigs. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2006;90:139-46. |
| 29. | Hu Y, Dun Y, Li S, Zhao S, Peng N, Liang Y. Effects of Bacillus subtilis KN-42 on growth performance, diarrhea and faecal bacterial flora of weaned piglets. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 2014;27:1131-40. |
| 30. | Wu BQ, Zhang T, Guo LQ, Lin JF. Effects of Bacillus subtilis KD1 on broiler intestinal flora. Poult Sci 2011;90:2493-9. |
| 31. | Thirabunyanon M, Thongwittaya N. Protection activity of a novel probiotic strain of Bacillus subtilis against Salmonella enteritidis infection. Res Vet Sci 2012;93:74-81. |
| 32. | Racedo S, Jacquot C, Pinchuk I, Urdaci M. F. 84. Probiotic Bacillus subtilis CU1 Normalize the Mucosal Immune Responses and Microbiota Balance in a Murine Model of Dysbiosis. 15 th International Congress of Mucosal Immunology (ICMI 2011) Abstract Supplement; 5-9 July, 2011. p. 151. |
| 33. | Pham Ngoc T, Vu Thi C, Nguyen Thi H. Bacillus subtilis in therapy and prevention of disease. Rev Immunol Ther Antimicrob 1968;32:53-65. |
| 34. | Mazza P. The use of Bacillus subtilis as an antidiarrhoeal microorganism. Boll Chim Farm 1994;133:3-18. |
| 35. | Labellarte G, Cooper S, Maher M. Tolerance and efficacy of a probiotic supplement delivered in capsule form. FASEB J 2015;29 Suppl 924:33. |
| 36. | Hanifi A, Culpepper T, Mai V, Anand A, Ford AL, Ukhanova M, et al . Evaluation of Bacillus subtilis R0179 on gastrointestinal viability and general wellness: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in healthy adults. Benef Microbes 2015;6:19-27. |
| 37. | Gracheva NM, Gavrilov AF, Solov'eva AI, Smirnov VV, Sorokulova IB, Reznik SR, et al. The efficacy of the new bacterial preparation biosporin in treating acute intestinal infections. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1996;(1):75-7. |
| 38. | Slabospitskaia AT, Vinogradov VP, Krymovskaia SS, Reznik SR, Smirnov VV. A new preparation of biosporin and its effect on the intestinal microflora in dysbacterioses in newborn infants. Mikrobiol Z 1995;57:71-6. |
| 39. | Horosheva TV, Vodyanoy V, Sorokulova I. Efficacy of Bacillus probiotics in prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. JMM Case Rep 2014;1:1-6. |
| 40. | Benoni G, Marcer V, Cuzzolin L, Raimo F. Antibiotic administration and oral bacterial therapy in infants. Chemioterapia 1984;3:291-4. |
| 41. | Tompkins TA, Xu X, Ahmarani J. A comprehensive review of post-market clinical studies performed in adults with an Asian probiotic formulation. Benef Microbes 2010;1:93-106. |
| 42. | Lefevre M, Racedo SM, Ripert G, Housez B, Cazaubiel M, Maudet C, et al . Probiotic strain Bacillus subtilis CU1 stimulates immune system of elderly during common infectious disease period: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Immun Ageing 2015;12:24. |
| 43. | Sorokulova IB, Pinchuk IV, Denayrolles M, Osipova IG, Huang JM, Cutting SM, et al . The safety of two Bacillus probiotic strains for human use. Dig Dis Sci 2008;53:954-63. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
[Table 1]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Microbial ecology of Australian commercial rice koji and soybean miso |
|
| Joanne G. Allwood, Lara T. Wakeling, David C. Bean | | JSFA reports. 2023; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Acute physiological effects following Bacillus subtilis DE111 oral ingestion – a randomised, double blinded, placebo-controlled study |
|
| J. Colom, D. Freitas, A. Simon, E. Khokhlova, S. Mazhar, M. Buckley, C. Phipps, J. Deaton, A. Brodkorb, K. Rea | | Beneficial Microbes. 2023; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Autoclaved Diet with Inactivated Spores of Bacillus spp. Decreased Reproductive Performance of Muc2-/- and Muc2+/- Mice |
|
| Maryana V. Morozova, Galina V. Kalmykova, Nadezhda I. Akulova, Yuriy V. Ites, Valentina I. Korkina, Ekaterina A. Litvinova | | Animals. 2022; 12(18): 2399 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
In Vivo Efficacy of Bacillus velezensis Isolated from Korean Gochang Bokbunja Vinegar against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infections |
|
| Fatemeh Ghorbanian, Hoonhee Seo, Hanieh Tajdozian, Youngkyoung Lee, MD Abdur Rahim, Sukyung Kim, Il-Yun Jung, Saebim Lee, Ho-Yeon Song | | Polish Journal of Microbiology. 2022; 0(0) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Influence of bacteriocin-producing Bacillus strains on quality characteristics of fermented soybean product with biogenic amine-forming lactic acid bacteria |
|
| Eun-Seo Lim | | Applied Biological Chemistry. 2022; 65(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Bacterial exudates as growth-promoting agents for the cultivation of commercially relevant marine microalgal strains |
|
| Justine Sauvage, Gary H. Wikfors, Mark S. Dixon, Diane Kapareiko, Koen Sabbe, Xiaoxu Li, Alyssa Joyce | | Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
A Review on Probiotic Microencapsulation and Recent Advances of their Application in Bakery Products |
|
| Divyasree Arepally, Ravula Sudharshan Reddy, Tridib Kumar Goswami, Ranil Coorey | | Food and Bioprocess Technology. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Study about the combination strategy of Bacillus subtilis wt55 with AiiO-AIO6 to improve the resistance of zebrafish to Aeromonas veronii infection |
|
| Yuan-Yuan Yao, Rui Xia, Ya-Lin Yang, Qiang Hao, Chao Ran, Zhen Zhang, Zhi-Gang Zhou | | Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 2022; 128: 447 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
A Remixed-Fermentation Technique for the Simultaneous Bioconversion of Corncob C6 and C5 Sugars to Probiotic Bacillus subtilis |
|
| Xutong Ma,Yong Xu | | Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Mechanisms of Candida Resistance to Antimycotics and Promising Ways to Overcome It: The Role of Probiotics |
|
| Konstantin A. Demin,Aleksandr G. Refeld,Anna A. Bogdanova,Evgenya V. Prazdnova,Igor V. Popov,Olga Yu. Kutsevalova,Alexey M. Ermakov,Anzhelica B. Bren,Dmitry V. Rudoy,Vladimir A. Chistyakov,Richard Weeks,Michael L. Chikindas | | Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Bacillus spore-forming probiotics: benefits with concerns? |
|
| Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov, Iskra Vitanova Ivanova, Igor Popov, Richard Weeks, Michael Leonidas Chikindas | | Critical Reviews in Microbiology. 2021; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Gut Homeostasis; Microbial Cross Talks in Health and Disease Management |
|
| Gauri S Khatri, Christine Kurian, Asha Anand, Paari KA | | Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal. 2021; 9(3): 1017 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
PROBIOTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS STRAIN ISOLATED FROM INFANT FECAL MATTER REVEALED BY 16S rRNA GENE AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS |
|
| DEVARANJAN DAS, CHANDI CHARAN RATH, NAKULANANDA MOHANTY, SMITA HASINI PANDA | | Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2021; : 77 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
Presence and Germination of the Probiotic Bacillus subtilis DE111® in the Human Small Intestinal Tract: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Study |
|
| Joan Colom,Daniela Freitas,Annie Simon,Andre Brodkorb,Martin Buckley,John Deaton,Alison M. Winger | | Frontiers in Microbiology. 2021; 12 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
A Review of the Effects and Production of Spore-Forming Probiotics for Poultry |
|
| Igor V. Popov,Ammar Algburi,Evgeniya V. Prazdnova,Maria S. Mazanko,Vladimir Elisashvili,Anzhelica B. Bren,Vladimir A. Chistyakov,Elizaveta V. Tkacheva,Vladimir I. Trukhachev,Irina M. Donnik,Yuri A. Ivanov,Dmitry Rudoy,Alexey M. Ermakov,Richard M. Weeks,Michael L. Chikindas | | Animals. 2021; 11(7): 1941 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Isolation and Characterization of Probiotic Bacillus subtilis MKHJ 1-1 Possessing L-Asparaginase Activity |
|
| Hyeji Lim,Sujin Oh,Sungryul Yu,Misook Kim | | Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(10): 4466 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Bacillus subtilis HU58 and Bacillus coagulans SC208 Probiotics Reduced the Effects of Antibiotic-Induced Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in an M-SHIME® Model |
|
| Massimo Marzorati,Pieter Van den Abbeele,Sarah S. Bubeck,Thomas Bayne,Kiran Krishnan,Aicacia Young,Dilip Mehta,Anselm DeSouza | | Microorganisms. 2020; 8(7): 1028 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
Effect of dietary supplementation of whey powder and
Bacillus subtilis
on growth performance, gut and hepatic function, and muscle antioxidant capacity of Japanese quail |
|
| Vahid Jazi,Majid Farahi,Fariborz Khajali,Shaymma Abousaad,Peter Ferket,Elham Assadi Soumeh | | Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Temporal variations in bacterial community diversity and composition throughout intensive care unit renovations |
|
| Jessica Chopyk,Kevan Akrami,Tovia Bavly,Ji H. Shin,Leila K. Schwanemann,Melissa Ly,Richa Kalia,Ying Xu,Scott T. Kelley,Atul Malhotra,Francesca J. Torriani,Daniel A. Sweeney,David T. Pride | | Microbiome. 2020; 8(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotics supplementation on growth performance and intestinal histomorphometry Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum larvae |
|
| Fúlvia Oliveira,Rodrigo Yutaka Dichoff Kasai,Carlos Eurico Fernandes,Wesley Souza,Cristiane Meldau de Campos | | Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 2020; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 21 |
Multifaceted applications of probiotic
Bacillus
species in aquaculture with special reference to
Bacillus subtilis |
|
| Sukanta K. Nayak | | Reviews in Aquaculture. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Comparison of the Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Mature and Immature Honey: An HPLC/QTOF/MS-Based Metabolomic Approach |
|
| Nana Guo,Liuwei Zhao,Yazhou Zhao,Qiangqiang Li,Xiaofeng Xue,Liming Wu,Margarita Gomez Escalada,Kai Wang,Wenjun Peng | | Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2020; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
Biophysical investigation into the antibacterial action of modelin-5-NH2 |
|
| Sarah R. Dennison,Thomas Hauß,Kamal Badiani,Frederick Harris,David A. Phoenix | | Soft Matter. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
A review on the application of Bacillus as probiotics in aquaculture |
|
| Felix K.A. Kuebutornye,Emmanuel Delwin Abarike,Yishan Lu | | Fish & Shellfish Immunology. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 25 |
Host-Associated Probiotics: A Key Factor in Sustainable Aquaculture |
|
| Hien Van Doan,Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar,Einar Ringø,Maria Ángeles Esteban,Maryam Dadar,Mahmoud A. O. Dawood,Caterina Faggio | | Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture. 2019; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 26 |
Review On Probiotics Potentials, Nutritional Composition Of Bambara Nut (Vigna Subterranea (L.) -An Underutilized LegumE |
|
| Obinna C Nwinyi,Phoebe O Umane | | IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019; 331: 012057 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
From one species to another: A review on the interaction between chemistry and microbiology in relation to cleaning in the built environment |
|
| Samantha Velazquez,Willem Griffiths,Leslie Dietz,Patrick Horve,Susie Nunez,Jinglin Hu,Jiaxian Shen,Mark Fretz,Chenyang Bi,Ying Xu,Kevin G. Van Den Wymelenberg,Erica M. Hartmann,Suzanne L. Ishaq | | Indoor Air. 2019; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Bacillus clausii as adjunctive treatment for acute community-acquired diarrhea among Filipino children: a large-scale, multicenter, open-label study (CODDLE) |
|
| Jo-Anne A. de Castro,Mary Jean Villa-Real Guno,Marcos O. Perez | | Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines. 2019; 5(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 29 |
Dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis influenced intestinal health of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli |
|
| Kwangwook Kim,Yijie He,Xia Xiong,Amy Ehrlich,Xunde Li,Helen Raybould,Edward R. Atwill,Elizabeth A. Maga,Jens Jørgensen,Yanhong Liu | | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2019; 10(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 30 |
Probiotic Bifunctionality of Bacillus subtilis—Rescuing Lactic Acid Bacteria from Desiccation and Antagonizing Pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus |
|
| Hadar Kimelman,Moshe Shemesh | | Microorganisms. 2019; 7(10): 407 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 31 |
Inclusion of fish waste silage in broiler diets affects gut microflora, cecal short-chain fatty acids, digestive enzyme activity, nutrient digestibility, and excreta gas emission |
|
| A Shabani,V Jazi,A Ashayerizadeh,R Barekatain | | Poultry Science. 2019; 98(10): 4909 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 32 |
Protective effects of Bacillus probiotics against high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders in mice |
|
| Bobae Kim,Jeonghyeon Kwon,Min-Seok Kim,Haryung Park,Yosep Ji,Wilhelm Holzapfel,Chang-Kee Hyun,Marcia B. Aguila | | PLOS ONE. 2018; 13(12): e0210120 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 33 |
A prospective, interventional, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Bacillus coagulans LBSC in the treatment of acute diarrhea with abdominal discomfort |
|
| Chiranjit Maity,Anil Kumar Gupta | | European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2018; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 34 |
Bacillus spp. as direct-fed microbial antibiotic alternatives to enhance growth, immunity, and gut health in poultry |
|
| Ar’Quette Grant,Cyril G. Gay,Hyun S. Lillehoj | | Avian Pathology. 2018; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
Search Pubmed for